Video Game Addiction - 524 Words

When a person thinks of an addiction, substances come to mind: drugs and alcohol. Doctors are now realizing and recognizing behaviors as addictive also. The criteria descriptions are almost mirrored with those of a substance addiction and Kimberly Young, PsD, clinical director of the Center for On-Line Addiction says compulsive gaming meets these criteria. Severe withdrawal symptoms are prevalent with those who are addicted; they can become violent, or depressed (Rauh, 2006). Video gaming is a $66 billion dollar industry. A study produced in 2007 found that almost 12 percent of those who participated, 7,000 people to be exact, were diagnosed as addicted to video games (Flanagan, 2014). The biological aspect of video game addiction is still quite unclear. Research is suggesting that gambling can elevate the levels of dopamine and video gaming can fall into this same category. However, addiction lies further than basic chemistry. There is a psychological factor at play as well. The fantasy of online role playing lures players into a virtual world and become anyone they choose. Fat can be skinny, ugly can be beautiful, unpopular becomes king. Domination becomes their new reality. Their fantasy world can become real and make them better (Rauh, 2006). While gaming can seem harmless compared to the dangerous and lasting effects of drugs or alcohol overdoses, it has the chance to ruin many lives. People, who play, specifically children, are forgetting aboutShow MoreRelatedVideo Games : Video Game Addiction2135 Words   |  9 PagesApril 15 Video Games Addiction in Asia For the past decades, video games have been accessible to varied kinds of groups all over the world, which are from children to adults. Meanwhile, problems of online games addiction are arising particularly rapid and evident, especially in Asia. According to the news â€Å"Gaming Addiction On the Rise in Asia† by Paul Gaita, nearly 1.2 billion out of 84 million of world wide online gamers are Asians, which has led Asia to be the chief of video game addiction. (Gaita)Read MoreThe Addiction Of Video Games951 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction to Video Games A few months ago, my son asked for a tablet which we bought it for his birthday. It was a good idea back then, since he never had one before and it was his birthday. My only thought was to make my son happy in rewards of his good work at school, but later it become a problem. I was scared of seeing my son playing video games! I started noticing that he was acting different. And many times he wanted to be playing these video games while we were eating or visiting relativesRead MoreVideo Addiction : Video Game Addiction1845 Words   |  8 PagesVideo Game Addiction Video game addiction is just like any other addiction in the world! Though it might not be as deadly or destructive to the body as smoking or drinking alcohol, it can be just as dangerous. According to psychiatrist Michael Brody, MD, a definition of addiction would be: 1. The person needs more and more of a substance or behavior to keep him going. 2. If the person does not get more of the substance or behavior, he becomes irritable and miserable (Bakker) According to the definitionRead MoreFighting Video Games Addiction : Video Game Addiction3184 Words   |  13 PagesRunning Head: FIGHTING VIDEO GAME ADDICTION 1 FIGHTING VIDEO GAME ADDICTION 11 Fighting Video Game Addiction Gabriel Rosario Baker College When parental neglect ends up being the cause of death for a child, it seems like the whole news cycle starts. Whether it s a mother or father leaving an infant or toddler strapped inside a car on a hot day, or a child who sits day after day while her parents getRead MoreVideo Game Addiction Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesabout video game addiction. Life is full of many stages and milestones that everyone must encounter one of the largest and most important ones is the teenage stage of people’s life. During our teen years we usually figure out who we are and who we want to be. Do you want to be the gamer who stays home all day and play video games or go out with friends? Some people would rather spend a beautiful weekend inside playing video games instead of going out. Just like most other things video games can affectRead MoreVideo Game Addiction Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesVideo game addiction has always been the main topic of controversies recently due to its impact on t he young generation. In spite of the fact that it helps us to enjoy ourselves during recess and economically contributes to several countries’ income, its negative affects towards children and teenagers and so on, need our consideration. Merely in 2001, people in the US spent roughly 9.8 billions dollars on video game and this number increasingly enlarges in time. Besides, people who overplay thoseRead MoreThe Causes Of Video Game Addiction In Video Games1497 Words   |  6 PagesMany people of our generation like to play video games in some point of their life, whether it is Pokà ©mon Go, Candy Crush, Flappy Bird, Mario, Sonic, Call of Duty, Minecraft, or Skyrim. Over the past few decades of their existence, video games have been a major form of entertainment. As time goes by video games improve in graphics, sound, and storyline. It’s only natural that people would become more and more immersed in them, and Many gamers will claim that videogames are not addictive, and evenRead MoreA Video Game Addiction is Still an Addiction1582 Words   |  7 PagesA video game addiction is just like any other addiction. These addicts seek stimulus from their subjects and cannot refrain from it. It impedes on their daily lives, interrupts their way of logic, and has no real benefits. The major reason why addictions begin is because it helps them cope with their emotions. For them, it’s another world that is immersive and engaging to the point that they are entranced by it. Video games and the Internet provide a plethora of communities and people to meet. SinceRead MoreEffects Of Video Game Addiction1887 Words   |  8 PagesAlmost everyone has played a video game at least once in their life. The people who play them on a normal basis though, probably only spend an hour or two doing so per day. However, there are people who are affected by video game addiction and do not know it. The DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) does not even consider video game addiction to be a real problem. But, video game addiction is, in fact, a real phenomenon and it is a direct cause of health and social problemsRead MorePsychological Effects Of Video Game Addiction Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesPsychological Effects and Consequences of Video Game Addiction Hardcore players are usually younger and may suffer from emotional issues, low self-esteem, and low self-worth. People that suffer from such emotional problems are more susceptible to becoming addicted to playing video games. In these interactive video games, players can act out and take risks in the game that they otherwise would not do in real life. These young players attach themselves to these other identities, try out leadership

Jackie Robinson s Impact On History And The World

Cendra Rodriguez Mrs. Nash English Honors-4 May 15, 2015 Jackie Robinson Do you know anyone who has impacted history and the world by playing an everyday sport? This person is Jackie Robinson. Robinson changed baseball history by being the first African American baseball player who helped future generations of African Americans to do the same in all sports. As a tribute to her husband, Rachel Islum created a foundation to help kids with scholarships and mentoring (Jackie Robinson). Robinson was born on January 31,1919 in Cairo, Georgia. As a child Robinson was raised by his mother, Mallie Robinson. He grew up in a single parent household with his four other brothers and sisters. Robinson faced prejudice people everyday, being the only African American on the block. These prejudice people only strengthened and prepared him for later (Jackie Robinson). Robinson attended John Muir High School and Pasadena Junior College for his education. At Pasadena Junior College he was an excellent athlete who played football, basketball, baseball, and tra ck (Jackie Robinson). He continued his education at the University of California in Los Angeles. Here he became the first student at the University to letter in four sports (Jackie Robinson). Robinson was forced to leave this school due to financial issues (Robinson, Jackie). After Robinson left this school he moved to Hawaii, where he played Rodriguez 2 semi-professional football for the Honolulu Bears. He did not finish out theShow MoreRelatedJackie Robinson Broke Baseball s Color Barrier1197 Words   |  5 PagesJackie Robinson During the 1940 s, the African Americans were segregated from the Whites in America. White people in America had a lot more advantages or opportunities. Up until when Jackie Robinson potentially brought the two races together, many signs of hatred were shown on the African Americans. They had separate schools, restaurants, and transportation systems. Nobody ever thought that the two races would be integrated one day. Predictably, life at this time was not very easy for AfricanRead MoreHow did Jackie Robinson Overcome Racial Discrimination in Sports1119 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever been protested and demonstrated against? Jackie Robinson felt the outcry of America during his baseball career. Fighting not only for his future, but also for the overall well-being of his sport, Robinson received death threats for his efforts. On a daily basis, this disciplined African man fought the pressures of hatred toward his entire race. As a segregated country, America saw major league ba seball as a white man’s sport. Robinson was the outlier in an otherwise American â€Å"traditionRead MoreThe Racism Of Jackie Robinson1008 Words   |  5 PagesDanny Bogue Mr. Wallace History Day 12 September 2014 Jackie Robinson He walks into the stadium...hopeful...yet aware of the prejudice exiting in the minds of the ignorant... in the minds of those who do not realize his journey will empower the victims of unjustified hate and he will change history. Jackie Robinson shattered the color barrier in the MLB despite racism that permeated throughout the league and in society in the 1940 s. Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play majorRead MoreJackie Robinson. Cameron Thueson. Madison High School.1687 Words   |  7 PagesJackie Robinson Cameron Thueson Madison High School Jackie Robinson Introduction Only a few people in American history can say they ve completely changed their respective area of expertise. Jackie Robinson is one of those people. Jackie Robinson not only changed the sport of baseball, but the whole sports world as he braved racism, discrimination and segregation to break the racial and cultural barriers in the sports world. Childhood Jackie Robinson’s childhood had a direct impactRead More Jackie Robinson Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesinto the mid 50’s, baseball was America and America was baseball. The only thing lacking in the great game was the absence of African American players and the presence of an all white sport. America still wasn’t friendly or accepted the African American race and many still held great prejudice towards them. All this would change when the general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey decided he was going to sign a Negro player. Jackie Robinson was that player and Jackie Robinson changed the gameRead MoreJackie Robinson1707 Words   |  7 Pagesinto the mid 50s, baseball was America and America was baseball. The only thing lacking in the great game was the absence of African American players and the presence of an all white sport. America still wasnt friendly or accepted the African American race and many still held great prejudice towards them. All t his would change when the general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey decided he was going to sign a Negro player. Jackie Robinson was that player and Jackie Robinson changed the gameRead MoreJackie Robinson : The Game Of Baseball Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesour country’s history, there is one man that has always stood out to me. This man was very unique, he contained guts, courage, and a whole lot of drive. Who knew that with so called, â€Å"America’s Pastime†, he would play such a huge role and make such an outstanding impact on this great nation. The man’s name is legendary Jackie Robinson. Jackie grew up in unfortunate circumstances that many families dealt with at the time with his dad being a sharecropper. Born in Cairo, Georgia, Jackie was the youngestRead MoreThe Man Who Broke The Color Barrier, Jackie Robinson Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesLiving Wax Museum Jackie Robinson Biography The man who broke the color barrier, Jackie Robinson. Robinson was the first African-American to play in the MLB. Robinson overcame many obstacles in his career the main ones being racism and segregation. Robinson had a 10 year career with the Dodgers. Robinson became a civil rights activist being involved in the NAACP after his retirement from baseball. Jackie has received numerous awards not only for his physical abilities but for his impact he made on theRead MoreJackie Robinsons Leadership Style1441 Words   |  6 Pagesexcept in the impact it has on other lives.†- Jackie Robinson A true leader is someone who people willingly follow and listen to as well as someone who has the ability to influence and motivate others. An outstanding example of a great leader is Jackie Robinson. On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson shocked the world and changed not only the history of sports, but changed America. Facing the criticism, ignoring the racial slurs, and following his true passion, Jackie Robinson broke the colorRead MoreAmerica s Favorite Pastime And Jackie Robinson Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Favorite Pastime and Jackie Robinson The game of baseball has been intertwined in our history. It has been there through the wars and the civil rights movements. The game has seen it all. There have been great players who have put their career’s on hold to fight for their country. â€Å"More than 500 major league baseball players during World War II, including stars like Ted Williams, Stan Musial and Joe DiMaggio†. There is one player that didn’t have to put his career on hold to fight for his

Literature And Perspective In Reverse Logic - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Literature And Perspective In Reverse Logic. Answer: Introduction The term Logistics management refers to the supply chain management component that is used to meet the different demands of the customer through the planning, implementation and control of the effective movement and storage of the different information and goods and services from its original position to its end destination. The management off the logistics helps the companies to reduce the expenses in transportation and also increase the customer service of the organization. The following process begins with the accumulation of the different raw materials and ends with the delivery of the different goods to its final destination. The adherence to the rules of the industry and other standards the logistics management facilitates the process strategy, planning and implementation of the different processes. The main aim of the following report is to get an idea of the problems that the logistics supply chain of an Australian based Logistics company faces. The report has been based on QUBE which is an organization that provides logistics services to the other organizations. The management of Logistics involves a number of different elements namely; Selection of the appropriate vendors along with the capability to provide proper transportation services to the organizations availing the facilities Choice of the most effective routes for the transportation of the goods and services Using the software, IT resources and other forms of latest technologies to handle the different processes easily Discovering the most competent delivery method Identifying the different stakeholders and the concerned parties for carrying out the operations of the firm smoothly The identification and choice of the right suppliers Overview Qube holdings Ltd. is a large scale Logistics and Infrastructure organization based in Australia (Qube.com.au 2018). The company has its headquarters in two of the most prominent regions of the island continent, namely Sydney and New South Wales. The company was established in the year 2010 after the investment trust acquired Kaplan Equity and turned into a standard operating company. The company has a total annual equity of Australian $ 1.4 billion. The company has a number of freight handling and stevedoring facilities present at different ports of Australia (Qube.com.au 2018). It operates the port facilities through a number of different subsidiaries namely PO Automotive, PrixCar, Australian Augmented Terminals, Northern Stevedoring Services and many more as such. The logistics department of the mentioned organization is operated both by road and rail services. Qube operates rail freight services in regional New South Wales and Victoria, and between the cities of Melbourne and Adelaide. There are also some local subsidiaries like South Spur Rail services, Southern and Silverton Rail that concentrates there operations in New South Wales and Southern Australia. The ports and bulk division of the mentioned organization undertakes a number of different operations like stockpiling and loading of iron ore for exporting. The company uses the facilities at Port Kembla to transport motor vehicles or receive the delivery of these heavy goods for transporting them to their said destinations. The management of the company has ensured the strategic presence of the warehouses in different areas that are in close proximity to the cities, the ports and the train stations. This helps the company to facilitate the smooth transportation of the bulk goods easily. In the past few years the company has extensively developed and expanded the logistics services to attain the number one position in the market in Logistics operations (Agrawal Singh and Murtaza 2015). Problems Qube Logistics has achieved huge success in the recent past which has made it the most preferable among all the logistics industries present in Australia. However some problems has stalled its progress and the future of the company seems bleak. The operations have become highly unpredictable and competitive in nature. The business has been hit upon by a number of external as well as internal problems which has turned its functioning from smooth to rough. The present NSW logistics Network is also facing new problems like different national level policies and strategies, issues that are caused by regulations within the industry, improper transport planning and lack of proper investment (Anand et al. 2015). The issues have been highlighted by the researcher in a detailed way. Multi Modes of Transport Facilities- The port facilities of the mentioned organization has been shifted from Port Jackson to Botany Port. The following action has led to the new modification of the split of containers that have their movement to and from the ports. The Botany Port has a infrastructure that allows the transportation only by trucks. Therefore the new system has forced the organization to carry the freight by rail links until the Port Jackson and then unload the goods and carry them via trucks to Port Botany (Roso Black and Marui? 2017). The trucks then face heavy traffic in the adjacent roads like Rockdale which increases the cost of transportation. There are also strict laws regarding the amount of pollution by the container trucks which are an additional headache for the company. The local government has also not helped the cause of the company and has instructed them to use rail transport instead of the newly constructed highways. Recycling of the different assets- The Australian Government has entered into an asset recycling initiative by acquiring the Port Botany and leasing it to New South Wales Port consortium. There have been a number of conflicts involved since its initiative. The plan to develop a parallel Line between Rozelle and St. peters to decongest the existing network had to be shelved down due to large scale conflicts between the Australian Government and the company that handles the port (Anand et al. 2015). Such failed plans limit the development process and creates problems for companies like Qube which could have benefitted from the new decongested zone to facilitate the easy movement of the trucks in and out from the port to the different warehouses. Risks involved in takeover or acquisitions- As mentioned earlier the company is on a slow rise for the last five years and has been the best in the country for some time now. The credit goes to large scale as well as small scale acquisitions by the organization to expand its presence all over the country and increase its profit (Armstrong et al. 2016). However these acquisitions are not easy sometimes as there are different problems that stall the developmental process. There have been both legal as well as financial problems during some of the acquisitions which have not helped the company. Unpredictable weather conditions- The weather condition is one of the key issues that affects the smooth operations of logistics management. A recent report published by the company has described harsh weather conditions in New South Wales and adjoining areas in summer for a sharp fall in the movement of the bulk goods to and from the ports to the warehouses or the end destinations (Bandara et al. 2015). The unpredictable weather conditions has been a cause of worry for the company and it is the duty of the management to take adequate actions to effectively tackle the business functioning. Conflict arising in inland warehouses- The state government has a long standing dispute with the local government of New South Wales on the construction of an intermodal facility in a large unused area for rail freight transport until Port Botany. The development of the area could help the mentioned organization to effectively use the rail transport instead of using the road transport. However objections from the local government have stalled the work and have made the management of the company to strive for adequate container storage and terminal facilities in and around the Port Area. The absence of container handling facilities have rendered the company ineffective to store goods and services in excess quantity and will surely affect its business in the long run (Batishchev et al. 2016). Commodity market Downturn- The Company has completely changed the view by which logistics is handled by rail freight. The service that they provide thus must be of high quality. However a recent downturn in the commodity market has affected the operations of the company. According to alkan Kalkan and Ozturkoglu (2017) the weak demand for iron ore and coal in the international as well as the local market has forced the company to shelve up a healthy portion of its operations. The contracts and demands from the international markets has been limited in the last couple of years which has led to the decrease in the profit of the company. The sustained low price of the large scale mines has been a negative force for the organization and it needs to consider the smaller mines to stay competitive in the market. Strategy of Logistics Management The strategy of the logistics companies must be formulated in such a way that it adheres to the different processes of the logistics operation. It is important for the company to coordinate the different steps of the logistics to make sure that they provide the best possible services at the minimum of cost incurred. The process will start from the receiving of the goods, transporting them to the warehouses, sorting them accordingly and then delivering them to the different destinations (alkan Kalkan and Ozturkoglu 2017). The modern market demands the marketing team to be efficient and smart enough to handle all the different issues of logistics. The company must design their logistics services according to the demands of the customer, different locations and different product lines. Formulating the strategy accordingly will help improve the service offered by the organization (Christopher 2016). The strategies of the companies must be formulated considering three different elements n amely; Structural- The logistics strategy must be designed after completion of the structural analysis of the organization. This may include the determination of the facilities offered by the company like number of warehouses, area available, distribution center and channel. Functional- The functional excellence of the organization must be considered before the designing of the logistics strategy. Implementation- Implementation is one of the key to the success of the logistics business. The implementation of the logistics strategy in the correct way helps the organization to follow the correct path to achieve success within the organization. Proposals to avoid the Problems The problems that exist within the industry can be tackled easily by the mentioned company with the formulation and implementation proper strategies. The strategies can be helpful for the company to overcome the current crisis situation. Collaboration of the Logistics- The management of the mentioned company must bring together all the other logistics companies while deciding on a new roadmap which will be beneficial for the survival of all the companies. Taking a joint and collaborative decision will help the organization to formulate the right strategies and ensure a bright future (Ellison Greaves and Hensher 2015). The logistics alliance of the companies will help them to overcome the issue easily. Reverse Logistics- The following is the process which can be utilized by the company to re use the unused goods for logistics and earn profits. The company can send the unused goods to the point of approach again for re use and earn huge revenues. Reverse logistics consists of four different elements namely; Reduction Substitution Recycle Reuse Transportation- The organization can use the environment friendly trucks that cause much less pollution to transport the materials. Apart from such steps the company can also reduce the costs by appointment of new drivers to drive the same truck and reduce the cost of buying new trucks (Fahimnia et al. 2015). As mentioned earlier the company must focus on building new freight networks in and around different ports to reduce too much pressure on road transport. Global Restructuring- The ports in Australia are currently facing a shortage of space for bulk containers and other heavy goods. The government must step in and make adequate arrangements for setting up new facilities in and around the ports and highways to store these goods (Fernie and Sparks 2014). The government can also build a number of small and medium sized ports to decongest the large ports. Apart from such steps restructuring the roads, highways and constructing new freight lines can be helpful for logistics companies like Qube to smoothen their operations. Proper policies and regulations- The road safety act and the Vehicle National Law of Australia have a number of different allegations against them (Schnsleben 2016). It is important for the Government to implement a number of different training programs to develop and implement internal policies and safety rules. Infrastructural Projects by the Government of Australia- The Australian Government can undertake a number of different infrastructural projects to help the logistics companies carry on their trade smoothly (Guimarans Harabor and Van Hentenryck 2015). It is the duty of the Government to ensure that developmental projects are not interfered by politics. Infrastructure NSW plan is one of them. Such plans are concentrated on building a proper road, rail and water network to facilitate the easy movement of goods to and from the ports to their destination points. Rolling Horizon Policy- The rolling horizon policy is one of the most sustainable polices that can be used by Qube to ease the problems of storage of bulk containers. The company can allocate the space for a particular good according to their time of arrival and must remove them just in time for the other container. This can help save time, space and money (Teye and Bell 2016). Recommendations The researcher has recommended some measures which if properly followed can help the company to achieve success. The different proposals that have been mentioned by the researcher will be of great help for the management of the company. They must use the best possible strategies to attain success and sustainability. The entire existing supply chain of the company must be refurbished according to the demands of the market and a proper, efficient and collaborative effort is needed to attain success. Apart from this the upper and middle management of the organization must be restructured accordingly to match the new demands of the market and help the organization to achieve all the different objectives. The management of Qube along with the government, port authorities, local government and all other concerned parties must chalk out a detailed and transparent roadmap to revive the trade and take the best possible measures to ensure hassle free transportation, storage. This can be done b y adopting new policies to construct roads, highways, by passes, dedicated freight corridors both in rail and road transport and also consider options to use inland waterways to trade along accessible areas of Australia. The use of inland waterways can be one of the most viable, cheap and unique among all the different actions. The use of accessible rivers to transport medium sized goods to warehouses or destinations close to the rivers will surely help the organization to open up new possibilities in Logistics Management. The use of waterways can ensure the absence of pollution, decongestion and more speedy delivery. The Government of Australia must also speed up negotiations with the local government to ensure the construction of the trade zone and the warehouses in a 60 hectare land. The acquisition of the unused land can help to construct a new freight line to Port Botany and will help Qube Limited to use the railway service more efficiently to transport the docked goods. The following recommendations can be useful for the organization to return to the right path and focus on more quality service in the coming days. Conclusion The following report has been successful in meeting all the aims and objectives of the research. The researcher has discussed in detail the different issues that the mentioned Australian Company faces while carrying out its operations. A number of proposals have been provided in this research which is quite viable and scientifically possible to implement by the management of the company. The researcher has concluded the report by describing the need of the hour to formulate a proper roadmap for the success of the business on the consent and acceptance of all the concerned parties. The proper analysis of the report will help the readers to gain a transparent idea about Logistics Management and the problems that threaten the modern day logistics business. Apart from this the readers can also get a small overview of the ways by which logistics business is carried out and some other related items. References "Qube | Qube Holdings | Logistics Services, Port Services, Bulk Material Handling, Third Party Container Logistics, Infrastructure."Qube.com.au. N.p., 2018. Web. 22 Jan. 2018. Agrawal, S., Singh, R.K. and Murtaza, Q., 2015. A literature review and perspectives in reverse logistics.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,97, pp.76-92. Anand, N., Van Duin, R., Quak, H. and Tavasszy, L., 2015. Relevance of city logistics modelling efforts: a review.Transport Reviews,35(6), pp.701-719. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bandara, Y.M., Garaniya, V., Chin, C. and Leong, Z.H., 2015. Improving logistics management using foldable/collapsible containers: a case study.The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics,31(1), pp.161-185. Batishchev, S.V., Ivkushkin, K.V., Iskvarina, T.V., Nikiforov, V.A. and Skobelev, P.O., 2016. Analysis of the possibilities for application of multi-agent technology in transport logistics problems.Institute for Control of Complex Systems RAN, February,2(6). alkan, A., Kalkan, M. and Ozturkoglu, Y., 2017. City logistics: problems and recovery proposals.International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management,26(2), pp.145-162. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Ellison, R.B., Greaves, S.P. and Hensher, D.A., 2015. Collecting longitudinal data from freight operators: survey design and implementation. Fahimnia, B., Bell, M., Hensher, D. and Sarkis, J. eds., 2015.Green logistics and transportation: A sustainable supply chain perspective(Vol. 4). Springer. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Guimarans, D., Harabor, D. and Van Hentenryck, P., 2015. Simulation and Analysis of Container Freight Train Operations at Port Botany.arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.03476. Michal, G., Huynh, N., Shukla, N., Munoz, A. and Barthelemy, J., 2017. RailNet: A simulation model for operational planning of rail freight.Transportation Research Procedia,25, pp.461-473. Mitchell, D. and Kurniawan, T., 2015, September. Estimating Australian commodity freight movements: a linear programming approach. InAustralasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF), 37th, 2015, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Montoya-Torres, J.R., Muoz-Villamizar, A. and Vega-Meja, C.A., 2016. On the impact of collaborative strategies for goods delivery in city logistics.Production Planning Control,27(6), pp.443-455. Mota, M.M., De La Mota, I.F. and Serrano, D.G. eds., 2015.Applied Simulation and Optimization: In Logistics, Industrial and Aeronautical Practice. Springer. Pateman, H., Cahoon, S. and Chen, S.L., 2016. The role and value of collaboration in the logistics industry: an empirical study in australia.The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics,32(1), pp.33-40. Razak, A.A., Rowling, M., White, G. and Mason-Jones, R., 2016. Public sector supply chain management: A triple helix approach to aligning innovative environmental initiatives. Roso, V., Black, J. and Marui?, E., 2017. Port botanyfactors that influence dry port implementation-a decade later.Book of, p.68. Roso, V., Russell, D., Ruamsook, K. and Stefansson, G., 2015. Seaport-inland port dyad dynamics: an investigation of service provisions and intermodal transportation linkages.World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research,5(3), pp.263-280. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Teye, C. and Bell, M., 2016. Dynamic discrete berth allocation in container terminals under four performance measures.

leadership Essays (1287 words) - Computer Security, Security

My first step in preparing to write this essay was to gain a clear understanding of the word leadership and the set of qualities that make a good leader. I found this extremely difficult. I came to the realization that leadership is a term that is freely used but rarely understood. However, leadership is central to the mission of SANS Technology Institute (STI) (1), and the process of applying to STI's Master's program has pushed me to clearly define and concisely state my own understanding of leadership. According to Stephen Northcutt, President of the SANS Technology Institute, ?a leader is a person who guides or inspires others within an organization or community to achieve a goal.?(2) This ties in with my own belief that the qualities of an effective leader vary depending on the personality of the individual and the dynamics of each situation. There are, however, certain qualities that are unchanging in a leader; specifically, a good leader must have a vision, must possess the ab ility to communicate that vision, and must be determined to make that vision a reality. General George Patton and Mahatma Gandhi were both great leaders who exhibited very different leadership qualities. Patton became an effective military leader who can be described with adjectives such as controversial, outspoken, opinionated, flamboyant, and violent. Gandhi, on the other hand, became a great political and spiritual leader who is described as peaceful, thoughtful, insightful, and pensive. At first glance, these two men appeared to be very different. On closer inspection, they shared several key leadership qualities. Both had a vision regarding how to conquer their enemies, they had the ability to communicate their visions to others, and they were determined to make their vision a reality. When I began my career in the field of information security, I had the opportunities to learn and the management skills to ensure that my endeavors were successful. My first security endeavors included managing a physical security and network intrusion detection system. I made use of my management skills to successfully oversee these security controls. Although I demonstrated good management skills, I was not yet demonstrating leadership since I had not yet formulated and communicated a vision, and according to Stephen Northcutt, "you cannot lead without a vision." (2) My vision for security began to develop as I participated in several SANS seminars and studied for my CISSP certification. These training endeavors, in conjunction with my security engineering responsibilities, became the foundation on which to base my vision. In 2008, I made a conscious decision to take a stronger leadership role in security when I decided to accept a new position with a new company. Though the new position did not come with a prestigious title or staff, it did come with the opportunity to implement my vision. My new employer had the desire to protect its information, but not a vision to accomplish the task. Prior to my arrival, the IT department spent large sums of money to purchase intrusion detection systems, encryption software and firewalls in the effort to protect its information. These endeavors were in response to tactical issues spawned by a gap in compliance with the Payment Card Industry's Data Security Standard. Though security was desired, security was only driven by compliance. My initial goal after arriving at the company was to communicate a security vision to the Information Technology Department as well as senior management that matched the dynamics of the IT staff and the requirements of the business. Since my position was the only dedicated security position within the IT department, I needed to communicate up through my management chain my vision for the department. The dynamics of this situation required a decentralized security model in which responsibilities were spread throughout the department. This vision would also use a governance, risk management, and compliance model, to lead the IT department's efforts to protect the company?s sensitive and critical data. To successfully communicate the vision to the department would take determination. In this model, governance is the foundation that supports risk management and compliance. Governance generates the policies that empower other initiatives. The first step was to obtain senior management support through formal and informal communications. I attempted to demonstrate how the department could

8 requisitos visas J-1 maestros para trabajar en EE.UU.

8 requisitos visas J-1 maestros para trabajar en EE.UU. Los maestros extranjeros que desean trabajar en Estados Unidos en las escuelas de primaria o de secundaria pueden obtener distintos tipos de visas para trabajar, como la H-1B para profesionales o la J-1, tambià ©n conocida como de intercambio. En este artà ­culo se explica quà © debe saberse del programa J-1 para docentes, incluida la obligacià ³n de residir fuera de Estados Unidos al finalizar el programa  y quà © agencias estn autorizadas para patrocinar una visa de este tipo.   Asimismo se explican los requisitos mà ­nimos que se piden para obtener la visa, quà © gastos corren de cuenta del maestro solicitante, quà © familiares pueden viajar a Estados Unidos con lo que se se conoce como visa derivada y, finalmente, si econà ³micamente compensa trabajar con una visa J-1. Pasos para J-1 para maestros extranjeros Obtener patrocinio a travà ©s de una agencia o un organismo oficialObtener el DS-2019Pagar SEVISAcudir a un consulado estadounidense para obtener visa J-1 Caracterà ­sticas de las visas para docentes J-1 Tiempo de vigencia La J-1 es una visa ampliamente utilizada por los que desean ejercer de profesores de primaria o secundaria en EE.UU. Su periodo de vigencia es de entre uno y tres aà ±os.   Cabe destacar que para enseà ±ar en una universidad se puede obtener este mismo tipo de visa, pero en otro programa.   Materias Puede enseà ±arse cualquier materia, desde Ciencias y Matemticas a Mà ºsica. Pero lo cierto es que todos los aà ±os se ofertan muchas plazas para docentes del idioma espaà ±ol. Obligacià ³n de salir de EE.UU. Al finalizar el contrato, el maestro debe necesariamente regresar a su paà ­s de origen. Adems, debern pasar al menos dos aà ±os antes de que pueda solicitar otra visa, como por ejemplo la H-1B, para entrar de nuevo en Estados Unidos. Incluso es posible solicitar de nuevo participar en el programa J-1. La visa J-1 no permite que se busque intencionadamente obtener una oferta de trabajo en EE.UU. o emigrar permanentemente a EE.UU. mediante la obtencià ³n de una tarjeta de residencia permanente. Aunque hay excepciones – conocidas como waiver– a esta regla de estancia fuera de EE.UU. por un periodo de dos aà ±os, lo cierto es que en la mayorà ­a de los casos es muy difà ­cil conseguir anular la obligacià ³n de regresar al paà ­s de origen por un par de aà ±os. Es fundamental entender esta restriccià ³n ya que sorprende a muchos maestros extranjeros ya que aplica incluso en casos en los que la persona con una visa J-1 se casa de buena fe con un ciudadano americano que a continuacià ³n pide los papeles para su cà ³nyuge extranjero. Este matrimonio no es suficiente para levantar la obligacià ³n de residir fuera de los Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os al acaba el programa. Patrocinador de profesores para enseà ±ar en EE.UU. El docente extranjero puede trabajar en una escuela pà ºblica, privada o una charter, es decir, una escuela pà ºblica gestionada privadamente. La à ºnica condicià ³n es que està ©n acreditadas con el programa. En este tipo de visas es fundamental la figura del patrocinador. Esta es una lista de 10 agencias autorizadas por el Departamento de Estado para contratar maestros extranjeros. No todos los patrocinadores son iguales y algunos estn especializados en determinadas materias o en determinados estados, por lo que se recomienda solicitar informacià ³n de varios de ellos y comparar antes de decidirse por uno de ellos. Los patrocinadores y la escuela proporcionarn al maestro toda la documentacià ³n necesaria, entre ellos el formulario DS-2019, para comenzar el proceso de peticià ³n de visa ante el consulado estadounidense correspondiente, que puede denegarla  por ser inelegible si no se cumplen todos los requisitos y tambià ©n si no se cumplen los requisitos para ser admitido a los Estados Unidos. Adems, el patrocinador ser el punto de contacto principal del maestro durante su estancia en EEUU y deber resolver cualquier problema que pueda surgir. 8 requisitos para obtener la visa J-1 para maestros Para que un maestro extranjero pueda trabajar en EE.UU. con una visa J-1 es necesario cumplir, como mà ­nimo, con los siguientes requisitos. Fluidez en inglà ©s. Pueden exigir un puntaje mà ­nimo en el TOEFL o pueden comprobarlo en una entrevista o ambas cosas.Tà ­tulo que de maestro de primaria o secundaria en su paà ­sCumplir con los requisitos de certificacià ³n para enseà ±ar que exija el estado de la Unià ³n americana en el que quiere enseà ±ar.Experiencia profesional mà ­nima de dos aà ±os (24 meses) como maestro o en una actividad relacionada.Disponibilidad para trabajar a jornada completa.  En muchos casos se pide que el maestro tenga licencia de manejar con una antigà ¼edad mà ­nima de dos aà ±os.Acreditacià ³n de los credenciales educativos por una organizacià ³n aprobada por el patrocinador de la visa.Finalmente, el candidato debe ser una persona de buen carcter moral. Es decir, bsicamente, que nunca haya sido condenado por un delito. Una condena puede hacer imposible conseguir una visa en un Consulado estadounidense. Viajar con familiares El maestro que obtenga una J-1 puede viajar a EEUU acompaà ±ado por su cà ³nyuge y sus hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de edad. Los familiares obtendrn una visa J-2, de naturaleza derivada, esto es, si la J-1 es cancelada o expira, tambià ©n lo har la J-2. El marido o la mujer del maestro, que tendr una visa J-2, podr trabajar en EEUU siempre y cuando pida permiso al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y le sea concedido. Para solicitarlo debern probar que los ingresos se destinarn a mantenerse a sà ­ mismo y a hijos menores de edad, si los hubiese, pero no al titular de la J-1. Si à ©ste fuera el caso, el USCIS denegar el permiso. El formulario para pedir el permiso es el I-765 y que en la actualidad tiene un costo $410  para procesarlo y que puede incrementarse en cualquier momento. El permiso expirar al mismo tiempo que la visa. Los hijos de un maestro con J-1 y que tienen a su propio nombre una visa J-2 pueden estudiar en escuelas pà ºblicas o privadas de EE.UU. Quà © gastos pagan los docentes titulares de visas J-1 En primer lugar, se debe pagar la denominada tasa SEVIS por un importe de $220 para cubrir los gastos de gestià ³n del programa de intercambio. La excepcià ³n son los programas de intercambio con patrocinio federal. En estos casos no se paga tarifa por SEVIS y son los programas cuyos cà ³digos comienzan por G-1, G-2, G-3 o G-7. No se paga tarifa SEVIS para el cà ³nyuge e hijos del maestro que recibe la visa J-1. El pago de SEVIS debe hacerse directamente al Departamento de Seguridad Interna (DHS) antes de acudir al consulado a obtener la visa. Si el maestro viaja a EEUU con su familia, la tasa no aplica ni para los hijos ni para el cà ³nyuge. Es decir, sà ³lo la paga el titular de la J-1. A continuacià ³n deber pagarse un arancel de $160 por tener la visa estampada en el pasaporte. Cada uno de los familiares que acompaà ±e al maestro deber abonar otros $160 por cada visa derivada J-2 que se emita. Adems, algunos consulados exigen pequeà ±os gastos adicionales, como pago de hasta $20 por cerrar una cita por telà ©fono o abono por el envà ­o por correo de documentacià ³n. En el momento de acudir al Consulado o Embajada para ser entrevistado y obtener la visa hay que enfatizar que algunos consulados piden al solicitante una gran cantidad de documentacià ³n para probar que no tiene intencià ³n de quedarse en EEUU. Los requisitos varà ­an de paà ­s a paà ­s, hay que estar preparado para ello y lo cierto es que se pide ms documentacià ³n en los paà ­ses con un nà ºmero alto de nacionales que han violado los tà ©rminos de sus visas al no abandonar EEUU cuando tenà ­an que hacerlo. Salarios de maestros en Estados Unidos Trabajar en Estados Unidos como maestro brinda conocidas ventajas, como conocer otro paà ­s y practicar inglà ©s. Pero es tambià ©n importante saber  cunto ganan los maestros en Estados Unidos. Las cantidades varà ­an enormemente segà ºn el estado, la ciudad, la especialidad y los aà ±os trabajados. Adems, es importante conocer el monto de los impuestos y de la canasta alimenticia en el lugar donde se piensa trabajar. Puede suceder que se gane mucho ms que en el paà ­s de origen pero que, desde el punto de vista econà ³mico teniendo en cuenta los gastos, no resulte ventajoso. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Definition of Suburban Sprawl

The Definition of Suburban Sprawl Suburban sprawl, also called urban sprawl, is the spread of urbanized areas into the rural landscape. It can be recognized by low-density single-family homes and new road networks spreading into the wild lands and agricultural fields outside of cities. As the popularity of single-family houses rose during the 20th century, and as mass ownership of cars allowed people to get to homes located far outside of city centers, new streets spread outwards to serve large housing subdivisions. Subdivisions built in the 1940s and 1950s consisted of relatively small homes built on small lots. Over the next few decades, the average house size increased, and so did the lot they were built on. Single-family homes in the United States are now on average twice the size of those inhabited in 1950. One or two-acre lots are now common and many subdivisions now offer homes each built on 5 or 10 acres - some housing developments in the western US even boast lots 25 acres in size. This trend leads to a hungry demand for land, accelerating road construction, and further spilling into fields, grasslands, forests, and other wild lands. Smart Growth America ranked US cities along criteria of compactness and connectivity and found that the most sprawling large cities were Atlanta (GA), Prescott (AZ), Nashville (TN), Baton Rouge (LA), and Riverside-San Bernardino (CA). On the flip side, the least sprawling large cities were New York, San Francisco, and Miami which all have densely populated neighborhoods served by well-connected street systems allowing residents close access to living, working, and shopping areas.   Environmental Consequences of Sprawl In the context of land use, suburban sprawl takes agricultural production off from fertile lands forever. Natural habitats like forests get fragmented, which has negative consequences for wildlife populations including loss of habitat and increased road mortality. Some animal species benefit from the fragmented landscapes: raccoons, skunks, and other small scavengers and predators thrive, driving down local bird populations. Deer become more abundant, facilitating the spread of deer tick and along with them, Lyme disease. Exotic plants are used in landscaping, but then become invasive. Extensive lawns require pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers that contribute to nutrient pollution in nearby streams. The housing subdivisions making up most of the sprawl are generally built well away from industry, business, and other employment opportunities. As a result, people need to commute to their workplace, and since these suburbs are generally not well served by public transportation, commuting is most often done by car. When using fossil fuels, transportation is a major source of greenhouse gases, and because of its reliance on commuting by car, sprawl contributes to global climate change. There Are Social and Economic Consequences of Sprawl Many municipal authorities are finding out that low density, large-lot suburban areas are a bum deal for them economically. The tax revenue from a relatively small number of residents may not be enough to support the construction and maintenance of the miles and miles of roads, sidewalks, sewer lines, and water pipes needed to service the scattered homes. Residents living in the denser, older neighborhoods elsewhere in town often need to essentially subsidize the infrastructure on the outskirts. Negative health outcomes have also been attributed to living in suburban sprawl. Residents of outlying suburban areas are more likely to feel isolated from their community and be overweight, in part because of their reliance on cars for transportation. For the same reasons, fatal car accidents are most common for those who have longer commutes by car. Solutions to Combat Sprawl Sprawl is not necessarily one of those environmental issues against which we can identify a few simple steps. However, awareness of some of the potential solutions can be enough to make you a supporter of important change initiatives: Be a supporter of smart growth programs at the county and municipal levels. This includes programs that revitalize development in already built-up areas. Reinvesting in neglected city centers is part of the solution, as is taking care of an abandoned property. For example, an abandoned shopping mall can be turned into a medium-density housing development without the need for new water pipes, road access, or sewage lines.Support mixed-used development. People like to live in close proximity to where they can shop, recreate, and send their kids to school. Building these types of neighborhoods around public transportation hubs can create very desirable communities.Support your local land use planning efforts. Consider volunteering for the town’s planning board and advocate for smart growth. Attend fund-raising activities for your regional land trust, as they work hard to protect prime farmland, working waterfronts, exceptional wetlands, or intact forests.Support sensible transpor tation policies that complement smart growth. This includes affordable and dependable public transportation options, investments in maintaining the existing road network instead of expanding it, building bike paths, and developing programs to make business districts pleasant places to walk. Make a personal decision to live in a less environmentally impactful way. Choosing higher density housing can mean lower energy needs, a more active lifestyle, and proximity to work, interesting businesses, art venues, and a vibrant community. You will be able to fulfill most of your transportation needs by walking, bicycling, or public transit. In fact, in a comparison of the environmental virtues of city vs. rural living,  urban dwellers have the edge.In a paradoxical but very understandable way, many people choose to move to low density, outlying suburban areas to be closer to nature. They feel that these large lots close to agricultural lands or forests would put them in close proximity to wildlife, with more birds visiting their feeders and ample opportunity for gardening. Perhaps this appreciation of nature makes them predisposed to finding other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.

Application of National Labor Relations Act Essay

Application of National Labor Relations Act - Essay Example Consequently, the Act is aimed at encouraging collective bargain and curtailing the possibility of the private sector management and labor practices harming business, workers and consequently harming the economy of the United States. In the case study, the activities pursued by the Chief Executive officer and by the Board of Directors in terminating the employment contract of Kayte Clark harms her welfare as an employee and also of the business since she holds the position of deputy vice president of DanskinZ Inc. In affirmation Section 1[ §151.] of the Act avows that inequality in a bargain between organizing corporate bodies of employers and employees who lack the freedom of association violates free flow of commerce and thus serves as a viable litigation as pertains to NLRA. This is evident in the case study since the CEO and the BOD used their organized structure by their legal counsel terminating Kayte Clarks’ employment in her quest to enable the employees to be member s of a union. This is a violation against the right of association of employees  Sec. 7 [ § 157.] and in the right of Kayte Clarks exercising her powers as the vice president of the organization (NLRA 29 U.S.C.  §Ã‚ § 151-169). Employment Retirement Income Security Act is another federal law that confers powers to Kayte Clark filing a claim for compensation against her employers. ERISA asserts that any employee should get his or her full social security contribution upon retirement. However, this is a clause that was violated by the legal counsel by giving Kayte Clark a retirement package that does not pay her social security till 59 years yet her employment is unfairly terminated at 53years prior to her retirement age. Moreover, Title VII is designed to protect employees from employers who have ill intentions as pertains to their contractual obligations.  

Transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Transport - Essay Example Overall, the air travel industry provides an opportunity, which is facilitated by more than tourism. It also incorporates economic development, global trade and international investments, thus being one of the best investment opportunities (Brennan, 2009, p. 212). As a small-scale entrepreneur, the number of tourists entering France provides any investor with the opportunity of establishing a low cost international or local flight service. In Europe, the connection between the UK and France presents a lucrative venture for business. The route that I choose as an investor is between the Heathrow, London and Charles De Gaulle, Paris airports. One of the strongest reasons why this choice makes economic sense to me is that the two stations represent the hubs of business in the regions (Doganis, 2001, p. 90). The two airports are located within two of the busiest cities in Europe. These cities have an intricate transportation network in which the passengers can get to the airports in a nu mber of transportation choices. One of the most preferred choices of transport happen to be the train, closely followed by the cab. Transport between the centers and the airport has some merits as well as demerits. One of the challenges that the surface transport modes face is the case of jams. In both the UK and Paris, traffic congestion is a common occurrence, especially during the rush hours (Fleisher. and Bensoussan, 2007, p. 62). The jams are common in the railway stations as well as the motor ways. These characteristic is one that lowers the convenience of this mode of transport. This is however, it is an occurrence prominent in certain hours, but the intricate network is quite useful when there is little traffic on the road and rail networks. The car, either in a private or cab company capacity provides another choice of transport in the centers to the airports routes. As the preferred choice of transport, the car is one of the best choices in transportation, when convenience is involved, but this is dependent on the profile of the passenger. Where luggage is involved, the car might be the best operational choice, since it provides a better means of transport from the house to the terminal as opposed to public transportation. The train, though high speed faces an inconvenience in that it is public transport and is located at strategic points for a community (Frechtling, 2001, p. 31), in which the travellers have to walk or take a car to the service stations as well as from the terminals to the airports. With the train and buses being restricted to certain routes, the inconvenience lays mostly in the distance between the public terminals and the airport terminals, for they are not the same though close, in some instances. Another challenge with the public surface transport is the challenge introduced by the complexity of the transport network, especially for a nonlocal (Duncan, 2012, p. 134). Some of the competitors in the route chosen include the Eurost ar. The train is one of the modes of transport between the two centers i.e. Paris and London. There are several favorable elements associated with the train such as speed, lower costs and the interactive nature of the travel. The car is another competitor to the mode of transport between the two terminals, since the intricate transport network provides a motorway that links the

Technology and Bullying Essay Example for Free

Technology and Bullying Essay I don’t know much about the topic I chose and I have never personally experienced bullying or cyber bullying myself. I have, however, seen on the news and read about cyber bullying and the growing trend it is becoming. I remember a very specific case that happened two years ago at Rutgers University where a closeted-gay college student’s roommate secretly videotaped him performing sexual acts. The roommate then released the video on the Internet and the gay college student committed suicide two days later. The case had just finished last month and the defendant was found guilty of a hate crime and sentenced to 30 days in jail. This definitely caught my interest toward cyber bullying and I started to take notice that it is happening frequently across the nation. I also know that currently forty-nine states have an anti-bullying law in effect. Part II – What I Want to Find Out From the research, I want to find out how technology is contributing to cyber bullying, or bullying. * How frequently do students bully other students? * When and where did the first cases of cyber bullying take place? * Is it just in the United States that cyber bullying exists? * Can bullying be prevented, and if so, how? Part III – The Search The word â€Å"bullying† is defined as using strength or influence to intimidate someone, forcing them to do what one wants. It is also used as a theme in many children and adolescent books such as Oliver Twist and The Chocolate War. Bullying has been around for as long as anyone can remember, possibly since the age of humanity began. However, only recently has bullying caught the attention of the public and scientific community. Dan Olweus, a Norwegian researcher, emerged with the first scientific studies on bullying in the 1970s. Bullying is now acknowledged throughout the world as an issue among children and youth, and research on the topic is increasing (Hymel, and Swearer). There is still scientific dispute as to the nature of bullying and why it begins. There are a multitude of reasons why someone feels the need or want to bully another person. Nevertheless, most researchers believe the aggression starts with wanting to cause deliberate harm to the victim, having the bullying occur repeatedly, and the difference of power between the bully and the victim (Olweus 422). One of the reasons may be because the person behind the bullying feels a â€Å"sense of power† when they harass someone. They like to become dominant in this situation and if the victim does become submissive, the bully feels as if they’ve fulfilled their goal and may repeat this process for a long time. Another reason may be that the bully wishes to befriend and feel close with the victim; to have a sense of belonging. As Dagmar Strohmeier states in her article Bullying and its Underlying Mechanisms, â€Å"If this wish for affiliation is a motive for bullying, the victim pl ays an important role in establishing and maintaining group coherence. If the harassment of the victim leads to a closer bond within the bullying group, the perpetrator reaches his goal and the negative behavior is reinforced.† As long as the victim is still submissive, the bully will constantly harass them until the bully is content (Strohmeier). When thinking of bullying, usually people think of a sort of physical interaction – the big kid picking a fight with a smaller kid. However, there are cases where numbers come into play; groups of students will pick on one individual. This is not uncommon and in fact, happens as often as one-on-one bullying (Hymel, and Swearer). There are, essentially, two types of bullying: physical and mental. Physical bullying is direct contact between the aggressor and the victim, and includes punching, kicking, pushing, or any physical contact with the bully and victim. The bully will not stop the violence until his or her victim is unable to retaliate back. Physical bullying is also not limited to school, and can occur at home, the office, or anywhere the bully chooses. Mental bullying may seem less harsh than physical bullying and may not physically damage the victim, but it can emotionally. Mental, or verbal, bullying involves name calling, making fun of a person’s appearance, a nd making offensive remarks to the victim. Making verbal threats of violence is also verbal bullying. There is also indirect bullying where the person will spread rumors and stories about someone else although it may not be true. This type of bullying accounts for 18.5% of bullying. Social alienation is another where the bully will intentionally exclude another from a group. But the type of bullying that is gaining ground is cyber bullying (Time for Tolerance). Cyber bullying is when a child or teen is being harassed, threatened, or embarrassed by usually another teen, and the bully is using the Internet, cell phones, or any other technologies. It includes sending threats or cruel messages to a person’s email account and cell phone. Cyber bullies also spread rumors online or through texts, and post unkind messages on web sites or social networking sites. Pretending to be another person using someone else’s account or making a fake account and sending harmful messages is another form of cyber bullying. Boys are more prone to take part in tradition bullying, physical bullying, whereas girls are more likely to cyber bully. (Bullying Statistics). Most cyber bullies and their victims are teens, and there are numerous cases where the victim being cyber bullied will harm themselves, and even commit suicide. Cyber bullying â€Å"has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying† (â€Å"Stop Cyberbullying†). In 2007, a mother created a fake account and posed as a boy to befriend a former friend of her daughter. The mother then began posting insults and creating posts about the daughter’s former friend which were hurtful and untrue. The teen, who was battling depression, soon committed suicide. It is hard to believe a parent or adult will do that to a child but there have been several cases where a parent will actually be the person cyber bully. Majority of the reason why a parent will cyber bully anoth er teen is because they believe they are protecting their children, but are, instead, harming another (â€Å"Stop Cyberbullying†). There are various reasons as to why teens feel the need to cyber bully someone. Sometimes the cyber bully is motivated by resentment or jealousy, and sometimes they do it for entertainment. Another reason may be because they are bored and have nothing to occupy themselves with. Some may do it unintentionally, and others do it for torment and to get a reaction from the victim. Although traditional bullying still occurs more than cyber bullying, the amount of cyber bullying happening in today’s world is consistently growing because of all the technologies being available. This means that cyber bullying happens worldwide and cyber bullies are sometimes strangers from halfway around the globe. (Patchin). Despite the seriousness and harmful effects of cyber bullying, it is common among teens and youth. According to a study done by the i-SAFE foundation in 2003, more than one in three teens have received and experienced cyber threats, and over 23 percent of teens are repeatedly through their cell phones or the Internet. Cyber threats are when teens post messages about harming themselves or another person and are sometimes followed by actual acts of violence. There have also been reports that cyber bullies will make FaceBook pages or web pages dedicated to insulting and bashing their victim, and 75 percent of teens have visited these sites. According to a UCLA study on cyber bullying, one in five teens report having been cyber bullied by someone they know or a complete stranger, and the study also found that 85 percent of teens that were bullied online are still bullied at school. Still, only 1 in 10 teens who have been cyber bullied tell a parent or adult and only 1 in 5 cyber bullying incidents are reported to law enforcement (Cyber Bully Alert). Currently, forty nine states have passed anti-bullying laws, and a number of state legislatures are proposing laws to require schools to have anti-bullying policies and programs. If someone is charged and convicted of bullying someone, they are charged with a misdemeanor and possibly serve time in jail. Cyber bullying is against the law but most of the laws in many states are not enforced because cyber bullying usually takes place outside of school. Still, that hasn’t stopped lawmakers from trying to enact and stiffen cyber bullying laws. At least five states want to add penalties to cyber bullying, and in 2009 North Carolina passed a law that criminalizes cyber bullying, making it a misdemeanor for youth under 18. Senator Jeffrey Klein of New York is one of the law makers that want to make sure cyber bullying can be punishable by law. Klein stated that â€Å"When I was growing up, you had a tangible bully and a fight after school. Now you have hordes of bullies who are terrorizing over the Internet or other forms of social media.† Under his proposed law, anyone that uses technologies to harass or stalk someone could be convicted of a misdemeanor or felony and face prison time. Some, however, oppose these laws believing that it limits freedom of speech (Alcindor). Although it may seem unlikely for anyone to not support anti-bullying laws, there are a few groups that are no in favor with the law at all. A group called Focus on the Family, a global Christian ministry, believes that these anti-bullying laws cross â€Å"the line in a lot of ways beyond bullying into indoctrination, just promoting homosexuality and transgenderism† (Hall). Focus on the Family has been a supporter anti-anti-bullying laws because they believe that these laws are a reason to teach children about gay marriage and not about bullying. Most of the groups that oppose anti-bullying laws are religious groups, and most agree with Focus on the Family. There have been a few states that have passed or tried to pass anti-bullying laws that protect bullies who use their religion as to why they bully others. This caused outrage among the public and most of these supposed anti-bullying laws have since been voted out or the specific clause has been removed (Hall). There are several ways to prevent bullying, or cyber bullying, from happening. First is beginning an educational campaign with children and teens, and informing others what exactly is cyber bullying and the steps to prevent it from happening to them. Teaching youth how not to unintentionally become part of cyber bullying will help slow down cyber bullies. Children need to be taught that being silent while another is being hurt is not alright, and if they stand up with the victims, cyber bullies can be stopped. Another way is keep personal information private. Children and teens should not share passwords with friends or strangers to keep themselves safe. Sharing this personal information can give cyber bullies the opportunity to hack into personal emails and social sites, and post damaging things online. And once things are posted on the Internet, it may be impossible to delete it permanently. Adolescents should also know that if they are targeted by a cyber bully to not respond and instead block the cyber bully and inform a parent or adult that can help them. Checking to see who they are sending messages and emails to is another way of preventing cyber bullying. Making sure that they are sending it to the right person and place will help stop cyber bullies from receiving private messages. Also, teens should know that it is not alright to forward and send other people’s emails and personal information without their permission. Teenagers also should not send emails or post messages online if they are angry. If they do, they may provoke the cyber bully and turn into a cyber bully themselves (â€Å"Stop Cyberbullying†). Part IV – What I Learned Through this research, I learned that cyber bullying is persistently becoming more known, and although traditional bullying still happens, cyber bullying is growing. Because of all the new technology becoming available to people of all ages, especially adolescent teens, it is easier for someone to become a cyber bully victim. Cyber bullying is also common in the lives of teens today, and happens worldwide. There are several effective ways to prevent cyber bullying and states in the United States are recognizing that bullying is a serious matter. Although bullying and cyber bullying cannot be stopped in a day, it is possible to stop bullies from hurting another person. Works Cited Alcindor, Yamiche. States look to enact cyberbully law. USA TODAY. Gannett Co. Inc., 19 Mar 2012. Web. 9 Jun 2012. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-03-18/state-cyberbullying-laws/53626736/1 Cormier, Robert. The Chocolate War. New York: Dell Publishing, 1974. Print. Cyber Bully Data, Statistics, and Facts. Cyber Bully Alert. Vanden Corporation, 23 May 2012. Web. 7 Jun 2012. http://www.cyberbullyalert.com/blog/2012/05/cyber-bully-data-statistics-and-facts/ Cyber Bully Statistics. Bullying Statistics. Bullying Statistics, 2009. Web. 7 Jun 2012.

THOMAS JEFFERSON :: Essays Papers

THOMAS JEFFERSON In the thick of party conflict in 1800, Thomas Jefferson wrote in a private letter, "I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man." This powerful advocate of liberty was born in 1743 in Albermarle County, Virginia, inheriting from his father, a planter and surveyor, some 5,000 acres of land, and from his mother, a Randolph, high social standing. He studied at the College of William and Mary, then read law. In 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton, a widow, and took her to live in his partly constructed mountaintop home, Monticello. Freckled and sandy-haired, rather tall and awkward, Jefferson was eloquent as a correspondent, but he was no public speaker. In the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress, he contributed his pen rather than his voice to the patriot cause. As the "silent member" of the Congress, Jefferson, at 33, drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years following he labored to make its wor ds a reality in Virginia. Most notably, he wrote a bill establishing religious freedom, enacted in 1786. Jefferson succeeded Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785. His sympathy for the French Revolution led him into conflict with Alexander Hamilton when Jefferson was Secretary of State in President Washington's Cabinet. He resigned in 1793. Sharp political conflict developed, and two separate parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, began to form. Jefferson gradually assumed leadership of the Republicans, who sympathized with the revolutionary cause in France. Attacking Federalist policies, he opposed a strong centralized Government and championed the rights of states. As a reluctant candidate for President in 1796, Jefferson came within three votes of election. Through a flaw in the Constitution, he became Vice President, although an opponent of President Adams. In 1800 the defect caused a more serious problem. Republican electors, attempting to name both a President and a Vice President from their own party, cast a tie vote between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The House of Representatives settled the tie. Hamilton, disliking both Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jefferson's election. When Jefferson assumed the Presidency, the crisis in France had passed. He slashed Army and Navy expenditures, cut the budget, eliminated the tax on whiskey so unpopular in the West, yet reduced the national debt by a third. He also sent a naval squadron to fight the Barbary pirates, who were harassing American commerce in the Mediterranean.

Toyota V.S Ford

MGMT 341 Toyota Motor Corporation Vs. Ford Motor Corporation (Past to Present) THE GBAS MODEL Prepared for: Dr. Reed Nelson Prepared by: Jeremie J. Martin SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CARBONDALE SPRING 2011 Introduction This paper will be structured to focus on two of the leading automobile manufacturers in the industry to date. Toyota is the number one automobile manufacturer in terms of production and sales. Toyota is a foreign vehicle manufacturer located out of Japan founded in 1937. Ford is the second largest vehicle manufacturer in the United States and fifth largest worldwide.Ford was the eighth ranked overall vehicle manufacturer on the 2010 Fortune 500 list. Ford is known for producing the â€Å"Model T† in 1908 which will forever be known as the first affordable automobile in the United States. Each company will be introduced and described separately. After providing substantial information about each organization, a comparison will follow to highlight the difference s between the two. This comparison is imperative for the GBAS model. I will also make an assessment of the four facts or organization life, fit, trade-offs, opposites and if the elements come in packages.Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Corporation is a foreign vehicle manufacturer based in Aichi, Japan. Toyota Motor Corporation came to the forefront in 1937; (TMC) is a variation of what originally used to be Toyota industries. Kiichiro Toyoda always envisioned creating a multinational automobile manufacturer and his dreams came to fruition three years earlier, when still with Toyota Industries, they created their first product which was the â€Å"Type A† engine and in 1936 came their first vehicle the â€Å"Toyota AA†.Today Toyota Motor Corporation group companies include Scion, Lexus,  Daihatsu  and  Hino Motors Toyota stepped into the national spotlight in the 1980’s when people started to realize that there was something different about their vehi cle. What stood out most was the exceptional quality and efficiency of Toyota vehicles. Japanese cars were lasting longer than American cars and also required less maintenance. At the time, there were several Japanese manufacturers competing in the market, but Toyota stood out the most.Toyota did not provide the most exciting designs, but what they did was design automobiles that were very consistent and more reliable than most vehicles at an affordable price. Also, Toyota had a canny ability to troubleshoot all of their problems and come back even stronger when one of their weaknesses was exposed. While stock prices of the Big 3 were falling in 2003, Toyota shares increased 24% over 2002. Toyota’s capitalization was higher than the combined capitalization of Ford, General Motors and Chrysler. (The Toyota Way, Pg 4) Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world.New cars and trucks take 12 months or less to design, while competitors typically take two years. Toyota is benchmarked as the best in its class by all of its peers and competitors throughout the world for high quality, high productivity, manufacturing speed and flexibility. (The Toyota Way, Pg 5) Toyota had a unique way of manufacturing their vehicles which is what helped them create differentiation from themselves and the market. The Toyota Production System and Lean production has dominated the industry for the last 10 years along with Six Sigma.During and before WWII, Toyota knew that mass production was not their strength. They were too small and disjointed to support high production values. Toyota decided to produce roughly 900 vehicles a month while on the other hand; Ford was about 10 times more productive. Toyota managers knew that if they were to survive, they would have to adapt to the mass production for the Japanese market. The problem was that they didn’t know how. The Toyota production system used many conceptions from those of Henry Ford, but the Japanese were determined to stick to the principles that Ford didn’t abide by.One very important principle was the concept of the â€Å"pull system†, which originated from American supermarkets. This system meant that Toyota would not replenish its parts until the next step in the process used up all of the original parts from the previous step. This directly relates to eliminating waste. At every step of the manufacturing process, Toyota uses â€Å"Kanbans† to signal the previous step when more parts need to be made. This creates the â€Å"pull† which continues back to the beginning of the cycle. Toyota also implements the philosophy of JIT into their manufacturing process.JIT is a set of principles that allows a company to produce and deliver products in small batches. This directly cuts down the lead time and allows them to meet specific customer needs. JIT allows Toyota to be responsive to customer demands; it also allows them to deliver the right items at the right time. â€Å"Kaizen† is also another principle Toyota stands on. The philosophy reaches for perfection and sustains TPS on a daily basis. Toyota refined their manufacturing process using these principles to make their organization more productive and less wasteful.What they didn’t know is that they also created a new paradigm in manufacturing that all types of businesses would eventually adopt. A common phrase around Toyota is â€Å"Before we build cars, we build people. † Toyota seeks to develop people so that they are strong contributors to the company culture and organizational development. The focus is to build a learning organization that seeks continuous improvement. That’s how they will ensure a guaranteed long term success hundreds of years from now. TMC management techniques’ goal is to develop their individuals, but at the same time promote effective teamwork.This technique is necessary for TPS to work. Creating a great culture comb ined with teamwork is the focal point of solving problems. The concept of bottom-up management is something that Toyota takes very seriously. Team leaders typically have about four to eight workers that they support and group leaders have about three or four groups. Toyota strongly believes in motivation theories when it comes to managing their employees. Their managers implement both internal and external management techniques.For example internally, Toyota applies Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to them by providing their employees with job security, good pay, safe working conditions and a culture of continuous improvement. Externally, behavior modification has group leaders constantly on the production floor supervising employees and providing reinforcement. Toyota invests in their employees and in return they get committed individuals are willing to grow the company. Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is a multinational automobile manufacturer based out of Detroit, Michiga n. It is the second largest automobile manufacture in the United States.Henry Ford founded and incorporated the organization in 1903. Under the Ford umbrella is the Lincoln brand and internationally Ford has some stake in Mazda and Aston Martin. There used to be several more brands associated with the company but due to harsh economic times in the United States, they were either discontinued or sold. Henry Ford is known for making the most affordable automobile (the â€Å"Model T†) and transcending the American auto industry. Most people think that he actually invented the automobile as well as the assembly line. Those are not the facts.Henry Ford did however use the assembly line to produce his â€Å"Model T†. From 1909-1927, he sold 15 million Model T vehicles at a cost of $829 dollars each. During World War One Ford in 1925 also manufactured aircrafts, but after the war ended they returned to only manufacturing autos. Ford’s mission is to be the worldwide lea der in the automotive industry and in other industries such as financial services. Ford values its people, products and profits. Some of their principles include commitment to the quality of the business they conduct, customer focus, continuous improvement, employment involvement and teamwork.Ford strategy is predicated by its vision of being a low-cost, high quality manufacturer in all of their products while simultaneously providing the best customer service possible. In the United States, Fordism was the system of  mass production and consumption characteristics of highly developed economies during the 1940’s-1960s. It was a philosophy that  aimed  to  achieve  higher productivity  by standardizing the  output, using conveyor assembly lines and breaking the  work  into small de-skilled tasks. It is a contrast from Taylorism, which is based off Fordism, which seeks to improve efficiency of machines and workers.Fordism combines them as one unit and looks ac hieve minimal cost and maximum profit. (Source: businessdisctionary. com/Fordism) An assembly line  is a  manufacturing  process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner in order to create a finished product. The immediate benefit of an assembly line is that it allows you to produce more products faster than if you were to handcraft them. Henry Ford made the assembly line famous in 1908 when he began the mass production of Model T’s. With the implementation of the assembly line, Ford was able to improve other aspects f the company such as reducing the labor hours it takes to produce a single vehicle as well as increased production numbers and parts (Wikipedia. com/assembly_line). The use of assembly lines and mass production processes forced Ford to start using large factories for manufacturing. They were the first automobile manufacturer to use large factories. During the late-2000’s recession when auto sales dropped 37%, Ford requested bailo ut money. They requested $9 billion dollars from the government and an additional $5 million for the department of energy.With this money, Ford vowed to make smaller, more gas efficient, vehicles as well as close down dealerships and sell Volvo. Ford didn’t need the money nor did they receive any money, but simply requested for funds because they did not want their competition to have a financial advantage over them. During the auto bailout, Ford was in a better financial position than Chrysler and GM which is the reason they didn’t receive any government funding. Ford’s approach to management organization was the mirror image of their assembly line: specialized, hierarchical and tightly controlled.Ford has always operated on a pressure system with middle management. The old Ford hierarchy was mechanistic in the sense that it was made to be modified, to be able to be adjusted over time. The structure was designed to be reactive to a slow changing environment. Fo rd’s management was very authoritarian, regimented and driven by fear. In light of Japanese competition, Ford shifted gears from the mechanistic theme of management to focus on participative management and product development. Narrative ComparisonToday, most companies try to implement some type of lean production or six sigma quality functions into their manufacturing processes. Initially, that was not the focus when it came to manufacturing vehicles. Toyota was the first organization to implement that strategy due to Japan being desecrated by two atomic bombs and not having the money or supplies to mass produce. Post WW II, Ford’s mass production system was designed to make large quantities and a limited number of models; they had no flexibility with their system. This is why all Model T’s were all black.The Japanese market was very small and fragmented for high production. Toyota needed to manufacture low volumes of several different models using the same asse mbly line to survive in the market. The demand for vehicles was not high enough to use individual assembly lines for each vehicle type. Ford had ton of cash after the war and they invested it all in large equipment and large factories to house the equipment. This was to support the strategy of mass production. However, there was an issue with all the large volumes being produced, which caused Toyota to take a similar, but opposing manufacturing strategy to Ford.Ford’s processes were detached from each other due to the large volumes. This cause delays in the process and allowed large amounts of material to sit and become work in progress inventory. Also, workplaces were disorganized and out of control, some Ford factories looked like warehouses. Toyota had the idea of â€Å"one-piece flow† where one piece of a product moves from one stage to the next stage, one piece at a time. This was opposite to what was happening over at Ford where several pieces of a product were b eing made simultaneously at one stage, then moved on to the next stage.Toyota used Ford’s ideology of a continuous process of materials throughout the manufacturing cycle while at the same time eliminating waste. Toyota didn’t have a lot of money or factories after the war so that had to be very precise in their manufacturing. They didn’t produce large volumes of just one type of vehicle. One-piece flow allowed Toyota the flexibility to change their process according to the demand of the market. Toyota adopted Ford’s manufacturing process, but made it more efficient and flexible. Toyota’s management philosophy was to develop their employees to become leaders within the company.This was their method of growing the company. Toyota knew that making all of their employees and integral part of the organization was the best way to build commitment within the company and a sure way to achieve all of its objectives. Ford on the other hand implemented a mor e authoritarian management philosophy where all of the pressure was put on middle management and not as much attention was given to the employees who were the key to their day to day operations. Ford primary focus was on production and the bottom line numbers.Mass production to make as many vehicles as possible is what drove them to implement such management techniques. The Discussion of goals, boundaries and activity systems. (GBAS Model) After the comparisons and noting the differences between Ford Motor Company and Toyota Motor Company, the GPAS model can be applied to see how effective both companies are at managing fit, trade-offs, packages and opposites. BOUNDARIES: In terms of customers, the Japanese market was very small, so Toyota knew that they would have produce small numbers of vehicles in various different models.Mass production wouldn’t work for them in the market because the customer demand was not high enough for that type of production system. Ford had a larg e U. S. market as well as an international market at the time so they were producing vehicles for everyone. When Henry Ford invented this inexpensive vehicle, there was a high demand for it and he sold millions of vehicles. Mass production worked well for high customer demand and the system made Ford a lot of money in a short amount of time. While Toyota remained in the automotive industry producing vehicles and engines, Ford tried its hand providing other services.Ford Motor Credit Company is the financial partner of Ford Motor Company. The purpose of the company was to handle automobile loans of Ford and also to offer loans and leases to other consumers. When it came to products, Toyota had an advantage. They designed they’re production system to be flexible due to the low customer demand in the Japanese market; therefore they were able to produce different types of vehicles at a faster pace than Ford. Although Ford produced more vehicles than Toyota they did not have the a bility to change the different models or colors of their vehicles within their assembly system.The mass production system was beneficial because it satisfied high customer demand, but it was limited in the way that it could only make huge quantities of one model. Originally Model T’s were only all black because Ford lacked the flexibility to change colors. Ford used its mass production system to make millions of Model T’s and later Model A’s. Ford also took its hand briefly in the aviation industry during the First World War building engines. Ford’s most successful airplane was the Ford 4AT Trimotor, but after the war was over Ford went back primarily to the utomotive industry. In terms of accessibility, Toyota was limited to the Japanese Market, they did not have the ability to manufacture vehicles elsewhere nor did they have the demand. After the atomic bomb Toyota had very little cash and lacked the infrastructure to compete outside of Japan. On the ot her hand, Ford had huge amounts of cash from the success of the Model T and they had a huge U. S and international market to sell too. Also, Ford had a huge supply system to support all of their manufacturing efforts. ACTIVITY SYSTEMS:Toyota’s activity systems were based around the central theme of their production system which was eliminating waste. When it came to manufacturing the company focused on continuous improvement, lean production and the Toyota Production system. Continuous Improvement also known as Kaizen, is a process that has lead Toyota to be a very lean and productive company. Kaizen strives for perfection and helps sustain the TPS system. The purpose of continuous improvement is to always become better, regardless whether the gains are large or small.Toyota felt that if they continually improved their processes, they would be able to eliminate as much waste as possible while remaining overly productive. Toyota formed small work groups within the workplace to ensure effective teamwork and to develop the skills of their employees. This also encouraged discussion amongst employees and it helped them make some of the decisions in the manufacturing process opposed to putting all the pressure on middle management. The Toyota Production System is a system that is composed of all of Toyota’s processes and principles in order to achieve a high level of quality production standards.JIT, Kaizen, One piece flow and continuous improvement theories combine to create a system that changed the way production standards were measured. Using many of the lessons preached by Henry Ford, Toyota evolved a system that helped them overcome challenges in a deplorable economy. At the same time they created a system that has been adapted in many other industries outside the automotive world. Ford, the American powerhouse, also believed in a continuous production flow, but they were not as cautious as the Japanese due to being in a better financial situatio n post WWII.They produced millions of model T’s with the help of assembly lines, large factories and a system of mass production to keep up with the high customer demand for the world’s most inexpensive automobile. Ford’s production system was an adaptation of their market and they took full advantage. They had access to complete systems supplies in combination with a lot of cash which tremendously increased their profit margins in 15 years. GOALS: Toyota’s goal was to create a system similar to Ford’s mass productions system, but at the same time adapt it to the Japanese market.The Japanese were producing automobiles for a market of customers who were not buying vehicles half as much as customers were buying autos in the United States. Even though there was a low demand for automobiles, the Japanese did demand different models, so their system had to be flexible enough to shift with the customers demand. In terms of creating the production system, Toyota aimed for a very lean system. A system that would be very cautious in using raw materials and cash in order to prevent being wasteful. Also, Toyota wanted a very clean and organized workplace in order to utilize all of the warehouse space that they did have.Toyota aimed to produce small quantities of quality products to meet specific customer needs. Ford was all about big business, money and power. Ford’s goal was to take over the automobile industry with the invention of the Model T. It was clear what their objective was by looking at the way they manufactured automobiles. Ford believed in standardization, but they never manufactured more than one type of motor car in the same facility. They were so focused on making the Model T a commodity that they did not focus on their other brand Lincoln. Ford’s customer base was broad.The Model T was marketed on a national level as a very inexpensive vehicle. Ford had the luxury of dealing with a high demand in the U. S and International market. Ford however, did not offer a variety of models to choose from. They only produced one vehicle in one color. Several years later they began producing the Model A. Due to the high demands at the time, customers did not pay attention to how inflexible Ford’s production system was. Although Ford may not have been as good as Toyota, they were also advocates of lean production and continuous improvement.Ford felt that their materials were more important than their employees, an opposing view of Toyota. Ford learned that wasted materials eventually became wasted money and frantically began to search for solutions to be more productive with their raw materials. Eventually Ford had the notion that they owed it to society to be more conservative of their materials. Summary of GPAS: ToyotaFord Boundaries: Narrow, Stable Broad, Stable Activity Systems: Simple, Flexible Complex, Inflexible Goals: Impermeable Permeable THE FOUR FACTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL LIFEDiscuss ion of fit: There is organizational fit between the boundaries, activity systems and goals of both Ford Motor Company and Toyota Motor Company. There are differences between the two companies, but both companies were competing in different markets therefore they had to adjust to the wants and needs of their customers. Ford has very permeable boundaries. Their complex and inflexible system which consisted of mass production, large factories, large machinery and assembly lines was imperative in order to satisfy the demand of their customers in the U. S and international market.Ford was able to establish a very credible and trustworthy relationship with its customers by satisfying their needs in a timely fashion. The permeable boundaries and complex activity system fit very tightly with customers who were in the market for a vehicle manufactured by Ford. Toyota Motor Company has significantly less permeable boundaries than does Ford, therefore their activity system is simple and more f lexible. The fact that Toyota had a significantly smaller market to manufacture vehicles for did not stop them working at a faster pace and creating higher quality vehicles.Their activity system was designed for customers who wanted different types of automobiles in different colors. They also wanted quality vehicles that would last for a long time to avoid high vehicle turnover. This flexible system was perfect for the struggling Japanese market post World War II. Things come in packages: Ford Motor Company was in a great position post WWII. They had tons of cash, access to a complete supply system, and a high demand for their products in the market and huge factories and equipment to make thousands of automobiles. Those resources helped reinforce their needs to make their automobiles a commodity worldwide.When comparing the two organizations, it is clear that Ford has more permeable boundaries than Toyota. On the contrary, less permeable boundaries made it more difficult for custo mers outside of the Japanese market to get a Toyota vehicle. They had not made their vehicles a commodity yet, but that was not their focus. After being desecrated by two atomic bombs, the Japanese manufacturing focused on making small amounts of quality vehicles. Making more quality vehicles using the one-piece flow process increased the skills and intelligence of the employees which directly helped grow the company.Having a lower customer demand allowed Toyota the time to perfect their craft and create a system that would change the manufacturing world. There are opposites: In terms of activity systems and boundaries, comparing Toyota to Ford is like comparing the tortoise to the hare. Ford was the automobile powerhouse with all its large equipment and mass production processes, producing vehicles at a very affordable price. On the other hand, Toyota was very conservative and waste less with their TPS system when it came to putting automobiles on the market.This was a classic exam ple of the â€Å"Quality vs. Quantity† argument. Ford had created a commodity; they became a pioneer in the automobile industry providing the masses with thousands of vehicles at a time. They had a huge customer base and the infrastructure to provide their products and services worldwide. Toyota had a flexible system that created quality vehicles in a timely manner as well, just not as in much bulk as did Ford. They had an advantage over Ford in the fact that could offer a variety of vehicles with shorter lead times.Ford had a very inflexible system and very long lead times, credited to their mass production system. Toyota’s system was more productive with their raw materials. They wanted to avoid work in progress inventories in their factories which lead to them incorporating a â€Å"pull system† into their manufacturing process. There are trade-offs: In comparing the two companies to each other, the trade-offs between the two become very obvious. Toyota offers a quality of vehicles that Ford can’t produce and Ford offers a price that Toyota can’t compete with.Ford offered lower prices because supplies were not scarce and they had complete access. Also, after the war Ford had a ton of cash so they could provide their automobiles at a cheap price in hopes of making it a commodity. Their activity system allowed them to only make standardized products without any customization. With the luxury of having a high customer demand, Ford remained efficient. Toyota’s system which used JIT principles which allowed them to manufacture products in smaller quantities, with shorter lead times to meet specific customer’s needs.This was a very flexible system which helped them offer an option of customization for their automobiles while still providing a high level of quality. CONCLUSION Ford paved the way for the automobile industry when they began the mass production of their Model T’s in 1908. The use of the assembly lines helped them sell thousands of vehicles and make millions of dollars in a short period of time. Toyota came along and used the same principles that Ford used, but refined their process to be more productive by using the ideology of continuous improvement.Toyota wanted to become less wasteful, produce smaller batches of automobiles and create higher quality products within a flexible system that would allow them to react to customer demands without long lead times. By creating this flexible system, Toyota put their company in a better position than Ford. In order to be a leader in the automobile industry you must be able to react quickly to the market demands and provide the customers with a quality product in a reasonable amount of time. The TPS system allows Toyota to do that, while Ford would be in a world of trouble with inventory concerns because of their mass production system.Even though both companies had very different beginnings, each has been successful in the automob ile industry. They will continue to use each other as benchmarks when trying to create the best automobile possible for their customers. Comparison of Differences ToyotaFord One-Piece Flow Mass Production Low market demand High Market Demand Flexible manufacturing Inflexible Manufacturing No cash Cash and Assets High Quality Standard quality Shorter lead times Extremely long lead timesHigher costs Very inexpensive automobiles Employees manufactured Assembly Lines No warehouses Huge Factories and Warehouses Multiple types of vehicles Two models (Model A & T) TPSManufacturing ideas set grounds for TPS Lean Manufacturing Very wasteful BIBLIOGRAPHY Liker, Jeffrey K. The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. Liker, Jeffrey K. , and David Meier. Toyota Talent: Developing Your People the Toyota Way. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.Print Meyer, Stephen. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921. Albany: State University of New York, 1981. Print. Ford, Henry, and Samuel Crowther. Today and Tomorrow,. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page ;, 1926. Print. Starkey, Ken, and Alan McKinlay. Strategy and the Human Resource: Ford and the Search for Competitive Advantage. Oxford: Blackwell Business, 1993. Print. â€Å"Toyota. †Ã‚  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Toyota;. â€Å"What Is Fordism?Definition and Meaning, Business Dictionary. †Ã‚  BusinessDictionary. com – Online Business Dictionary. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. ;http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/Fordism. html;. â€Å"Assembly Line. †Ã‚  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Assembly_line;. Amadeo, Kimberly. â€Å"Auto Bailout – The Big 3 Bailout – Government Bailout of Auto Industry. †Ã‚  US Economy and Business – US Economic Indicators â€⠀œ US Economic News. 31 Dec. 2009. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. ;http://useconomy. about. com/od/criticalssues/a/auto_bailout. htm;.